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Lead
Electrons per shell 2,8,18,32,18,4
Electron Configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 open electron config
Ground state 3P0
Atomic Volume 18.17 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 2.33
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Mass magnetic susceptibility -1.5 x 10-9
Molar magnetic susceptibility -3.11 x 10-10
Speed of sound 1190 m s-1
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 194.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 5.12 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 177.8 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 26.650 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 35.3 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion 28.9 μm m-1 K-1
Hardness
Brinell hardness 38.3 MPa
Mohs hardness 1.5
Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus 46 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.44
Shear modulus 5.6 GPa
Young's modulus 16 GPa
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity 2.1 x 10-7 Ω m
Electrical conductivity 0.0481 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 3.865 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 4.25 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 24.2
Ionization Potential  
First 7.416
Second 15.028
Third 31.943
Incompatibilities Strong oxidizers, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acids.
Flammability
Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 74.9694 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 72.8042 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 0) 84.936 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 10.5515 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 10.4495 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 38) 12.6137 KeV
Lβ2 (intensity 12) 12.6226 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 3) 12.7921 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 4) 12.3052 KeV
Lγ1 (intensity 7.5) 14.7644 KeV
Lγ2 (intensity 2.7) 15.0921 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 2) 11.345 KeV
Ll (intensity 4.5) 9.1853 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 180 pm
Bohr Radius 154 pm
Covalent Radius 147 pm
Van der Waals 202 pm
Triple covalent 137 pm
Metallic No data.
Oxidation States
Main Pb+2, Pb+4
Other
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 715.5
M+ - M2+ 1450.4
M2+ - M3+ 3081.5
M3+ - M4+ 4083
M4+ - M5+ 6640
M5+ - M6+ 8100
M6+ - M7+ 9100
M7+ - M8+ 11800
M8+ - M9+ 13700
M9+ - M10+ 16700
Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1)
Pb-H 180
Pb-C 130
Pb-O 398
Pb-F 314
Pb-Cl 244
Pb-Pb 100
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
Crystal Structure
Structure Cubic close packed
a = 495.08 pm
b = 495.08 pm
c = 495.08 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 90°